Factor determining the symptoms
- size of stone
- location of stone
- production of urinary outflow obstruction
- movement of the stone (eg: from renal pelvis to bladder)
- presence of infection
1. Renal stone
- renal colic (colicky (comes in waves) due to ureteric peristalsis)
- hematuria
- passing out stone
- loin pain
- secondary infection
- urinary tract infection
- sepsis
2. Ureteric stone
- ureteric colic - radiated to the scrotum/labia
- nausea and vomiting
3. Bladder stone
- irritative bladder symptoms
- pain radiated to tip of penis
- obstructive symptoms
4.Uretheric stone
Commonest chief complaints according to percentage
- pain
- fever
- recurrent UTI
- hematuria
- palpable mass
- malaise
- asymptomatic
Complication of staghorn calculi
- severe renal deterioration
- sepsis
- azotemia
- death
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